Johannes Fried gives us a Middle Ages full of people encountering the unfamiliar, grappling with new ideas, redefining power, and interacting with different societies--an era characterized by continuities and discontinuities, the vibrant expansion of knowledge, and an understanding of the growing co[...]

The Donation of Constantine is the largest and most powerful forgery in world history. Disputed until modern times, this document was the fuel of religious war, used by both the reformation, as well as the counter-reformation. Johannes Fried not only reinterprets the origin of this forgery (i.e. he [...]